The Earth’s 100,000-year eccentricity cycle and the 41,000-year axial tilt cycle change in strength and period as Mars becomes heavier or lighter. In extreme high-Mars mass cases the earth orbit becomes messy and chaotic rather than clean and periodic.
Even relatively small planets like Mars play an important role in keeping Earth’s orbital and climatic cycles stable over millions of years. In simple terms, the structure of Earth’s climate rhythms depends on the gravitational “architecture” of the Solar System..
The researchers used secular theory approximation. It is an analytical and computational method used to study the long-term (secular) evolution of orbital elements. And fourier analysis is also used.
https://arxiv.org/html/2512.02108v1
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