As the excitation light propagates through biological tissue it undergoes multiple scattering events. These scattering processes distort the original wavefront of the light and its propagation paths is randomized, so interference pattern speckle pattern generates.
When the excitation beam is tilted by a small angle, the speckle pattern at the object plane remains unchanged, this is called memory effect.
In deep tissue imaging laser scanning microscopy is ineffective. Here the point spread function (PSF) is used having non linear behavior with fluorescence intensity.
Source:
https://arxiv.org/html/2504.10423v1#Sx1.F2
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