As the freezing front approaches the droplet, the temperature on one side of the droplet is different than on the other side. That causes a difference in surface tension which occurs as a force, thermal Marangoni force.
As per observation in solidification front of ceramic Zirconia and polystyrene (PS) particle, If the particle is more thermally conductive, heat flows through it, and the ice front bends away and if the particle is less thermally conductive, heat avoids the particle, and the ice front bends toward it. The heat flux chooses the path of least thermal resistance.
As per observation in liquid, at low freezing velocity, the ice front bends toward the droplet.
Marangoni number indicates the influence of surface tension gradients on fluid flow as a result of the applied thermal gradient.
Application: This study helps in understanding behavior of biology cells, freezing in the casting process, material science.
Source: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.214002
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