Comets’ brightness

Brightening is due to a combination of observing geometry, as the comet approaches both the Sun and the Earth, and increasing back-scattering cross-section.Total Magnitude(brightness) of comet: M1 absolute magnitude of the comet (a baseline brightness value).Δ: geocentric distance (distance between...

Meteoroid in earth atmosphere:

Fragmentation, rather than ablation, is the dominant mechanism of mass loss. Here Rayleigh–Taylor (Hydrodynamic )instability occurs at the interface between two fluids of different densities, lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid.Meteoroid Trajectory equation:Cd is the drag coefficient of meteoroid,...
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