D/H (Deuterium to Hydrogen atoms)ratio of ice on saturn moons is 1.5 times than Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water . 4.14 μm O-D absorption line was detected.
The reflectance spectrum radiative transfer model was used here. It tells us what planetary or moon surface is made of and how light interacts with it.
Basic radiative transfer equation:
I λ intensity of light at wavelength
s path through the material
αλ absorption coefficient
jλ emission or scattering source term
In planetary science, the Hapke model is widely used for bidirectional reflectance of a particulate surface.
B(g) = opposition effect function (brightening at small phase angles)
P(g) = particle phase function (angular scattering)
H(μ) = multiple scattering function
Source: AI chat GPT and https://arxiv.org/html/2510.14859v1#S5
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