Current detectors can only capture low-frequency gravitational waves.
By using graphene, higher frequency gravitational waves can be detected and size of detector also reduced. Here relative intensity varies when gravitational waves are measured.
As a gravitational wave propagates through a crystal lattice, it causes directional stretching and compression of the lattice, it causes shifts in the electronic energy band and density of energy states also changes.
Changes occur in graphene under gravitational wave,
Where, yAB is the overlapping integral of the nearest neighbors, E is Graphene energy
As per equations, gravitational waves alter the distances between carbon atoms in graphene, changing its lattice structure and causing a slight shift in the electron wave vectors. This affects the electronic transport behavior.
As gravitational wave radiation intensity hGW increases, the relative change in wave vector and wavelength increases.
When the polarization direction of the gravitational wave is along the z-axis, the
the y-direction lattice of the photonic-like interferometer is stretched while the x-direction lattice is compressed.
The change in Fermi energy is related to the shift of the energy band and the corresponding change in the density of energy states, which affects gravitational waves on electrons in k-space. When the Fermi energy increases, the relative changes in the wave vector and wavelength decreases.
The relative intensity change (delta I/I )caused by arm length change in the photonic-like interferometer is about 2782 times larger than that in the laser interferometer because of the shorter electron wavelength.
Gravitational wave detection can be conducted by graphene at extremely low temperatures.
Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.18711
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